It was shown recently that the opening up of a laboratory-based chemical research project to unrestricted participation by anyone accelerated the research because experts unknown to the core team were able to join the project and solve transient project needs. #EILEEN FISHER REPOSITIONING THE BRAND PDF FILES SOFTWARE#The requirement for total sharing of data as well as workflows in drug discovery and development (i.e., the experimental science, as opposed to the software used in the project (39)) would mirror the same practices in open source software development-a model that has created robust and successful products in widespread use and formed the foundation of major industries as well as spawning for-profit open source software companies. (31)Ī model that has been mooted, (32-38) but never properly implemented and evaluated, is drug discovery and development where all data and ideas are freely shared, there are no barriers to participation, and there are no patents-so-called “Open Source” Drug Discovery. (30) There has been much recent discussion of the need for “Open Innovation”, a term with a nebulous definition but typically describing a range of ideas from the sharing of data in a precompetitive environment through to competitions that allow organizations to bring in the best external ideas to complement in-house research but for which there is no requirement for any collaboration. (29) Repositioning of existing drugs is seen as a possible general strategy for the development of new antimalarials, even though the challenges of such an approach are clear. (24, 25) There have been calls for greater sharing of data in the NTD field, (26, 27) including the development of patent pools (28) and new Product Development Partnerships. (21) In the area of tropical diseases there are significant philanthropic efforts being made by many companies in providing treatments (22) and engaging in drug development (23) but also in conducting not-for-profit research. The current model of drug discovery, whether in academia (20) or industry, can generally be characterized by secrecy and an underlying profit motive. The weak status of many drug development pipelines in the pharmaceutical industry is driving the exploration of alternative models. (9-11) Of particular interest are lead candidates with differentiated activity profiles, ideally targeting gametocyte or liver stage parasites in addition to blood stages. #EILEEN FISHER REPOSITIONING THE BRAND PDF FILES SERIES#(7, 8) New chemical series that can replace and complement the ACTs are urgently needed and are being sought by a combination of academic and industrial groups, sometimes in collaboration with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Apart from the introduction of the ACTs, no viable new drug for malaria has entered the market in the past 15 years, and the recent results of the Mosquirix vaccine phase III trials showed 18–36% efficacy depending on patient age and other factors. (4-6) Loss of the artemisinin class of drugs is a terrifying scenario that requires urgent risk mitigation. However, the inevitable reports of resistance or tolerance, in the form of increased parasite clearance times, have already appeared. The continual threat of drug resistance has led to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommending that all treatments should only be used in combination artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) comprising an artemisinin derivative and a 4-aminoquinoline or amino alcohol currently represent the front line. Open Source Drug Discovery: Highly Potent Antimalarial Compounds Derived from the Tres Cantos Arylpyrroles
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